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The Agony and Joy of Growing Cotton in Acoliland.
Colonialism was not a mission of charity or Judeo Christian benevolence. On the contrary, it was,[url=http://www.article-web.co.uk/category/hermes-online-sale/]Hermes Online sale[/url], as slavery was, a brutal economic invention as to how to invest Europe's excess capital that had accrued from its Industrial Revolution. Cotton and sugar became in high demand and became the mother of slavery. The Europeans perceived that the work of producing cotton and sugar was so difficult that only black Africans were perceived as strong and enduring enough to do. Africans were, therefore, hunted, captured and transported to the Americas to work the fields. When open slavery was shunned upon, it was now subsequently decided to colonize us in our own homeland.
Colonial empires therefore emerged after the so called abolition of slavery, to continue slavery in a different name and form. For this purpose there was the 'Scramble for Africa' in 1882 when Africa was sliced up in territories (possessions) and divided among the European power states. Egypt,[url=http://www.article-web.co.uk/category/hermes-belts/]Hermes Belts[/url], also as a local power base, had in 1882, extended its over rule and trade up the Nile and over the Sudd swamps to Gondokoro (Juba).
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Colonization did not except Acoliland and its historic neighbours, the Kingdom of Bunyoro Kitara and what now has constituted Northern Uganda. This area,[url=http://www.article-web.co.uk/category/hermes-wallet/]Hermes Wallet[/url], referred to as upper Nile Basin was formally colonized from the north by Egypt and Britain in 1872. A Samuel White Baker was hired and dispatched by the Khedive of Egypt ahead of a huge armed expedition of some 2,750 Black Sudanese Nubian soldiers commanded by Egyptian officers on this mission. The mission was; to subdue countries south of Juba, establish a chain of military posts to suppress slave trade and introduce a regular system of commerce, open to steam navigation the great lakes of Central Africa and establish a permanent government. Baker arrived in Patiko for a second time in March 1872, to find that the Kutoria (armed Arab/Turkish traders and slave hunters) had devastated Acoli villages of their populations, looted livestock and had driven many Acoli to destitution and fear. Many clans had relocated away from the slaving centre at Ajulu/Patiko and Pabbo. Baker proceeded to Masindi in April 1872 and proclaimed the countries north of an imaginary line he drew 30 miles south of the river Kafue, as the area of Anglo Egyptian interest and influence and annexed it to the Equatoria Province of the Anglo Egyptian Sudan. In June 1872, however, Omukama Kabalega could no longer take the affront of foreigners occupying his kingdom. He attacked and defeated Baker and chased him out of the kingdom. Baker retreated to his Patiko Fort of Ajulu in Acoliland. Baker returned to Cairo in March 1873 leaving some of the Nubian soldiers of the Jadhiya under the command of one Abdalla Effendi in charge of the Fort. Gordon Pasha visited this camp in 1878, and Emin Pasha in 1886 as he was running away from the onslaught of the Mahdist Revolution, which checked and expelled Anglo Egyptian advance and chased them out of the Sudan1881. Remnants of the Kutoria and the Jadhiya (Nubians) were defeated by the Acoli and chased out to the west of Lake Albert in the Congo. The Acoli were free again and were largely left to their devices for at least ten years until 1898 when the British re entered Acoliland from the south
Then the British Colonial power's Capt. In 1894 the British Major Conville assisted by the Buganda Mbwa attacked and defeated, overran and occupied Bunyoro, sending Omukama Kabalega in exile in Acoliland. The British re entered Acoliland (properly) from the west 1894 ( Wadlei and Nimule) and south 1898 (Atura) on the Nile. The British Colonial Empire had arrived to conquer,[url=http://www.article-web.co.uk/category/hermes-handbags/]Hermes Handbags[/url], annex territory (a protectorate), pacify it, and create a colonial administration that must pay for itself and yet meet the empire's goal.
The colonial administration integrated the different political traditions and created an administration and a new polity, which was strictly hierarchical and the power structure was totally alien to the Acoli. Power was simply centralized and concentrated in a combination of British officers, Nubian 'askaris' and alienated cooperative natives that set on the subjected peoples of Acoli. The Acoli cracked. The Acoli had to give away their freedom, some of their traditions, cultures and ways of governance, and social and work ethics.
The institution of Acoli Rwotship was thoroughly undermined by the British colonialism. Colonialism struck at the very heart of the Acoli UN type of political arrangement, where the clans, small or big, were equal before Acoli laws and systems,[url=http://www.masterclass-detailing.co.uk/category/ralph-lauren-polo/]Ralph Lauren Polo[/url], who had maintained unity and working relationships through horizontal (not vertical hierarchy) linkages between themselves. Acoli type of participatory democracy based on open public consultation, consensus and the rule of the Council of Elders, was dashed. Postlethwaite (later to be known to many Acoli as Bwana Gweno,[url=http://www.article-web.co.uk/category/hermes-birkin-bag/]Hermes Birkin Bag[/url], for his insatiable appetite for chicken and eggs) joined the Colonial Service so as to fulfill his boyhood dreams, imagination, and taste of adventure. He was stout and rather ridiculous figure with pinkish skin and bullish face and dropped out of school early. He landed in Entebbe in Uganda on one rainy August 1909 as a treasury assistant. He soon transferred to administration so that he could go out of Entebbe up country to pursue adventures. In August 1912,[url=http://www.article-web.co.uk/category/discount-hermes-bags/]Discount Hermes Bags[/url], at 27 years of age,[url=http://www.masterclass-detailing.co.uk/category/polo-outlet/]Polo Outlet[/url], Postlethwaite crossed the Aswa (Aca) and arrived in Chua (Cuwa) at the head of some 100 ragtag armies of Nubian mercenaries who had just returned to Gulu from massacring innocent Lamogi women and children at Guruguru hills. He was the complete epitome of the 'colonial men'; arrogant, forward and self righteous, hard and insensitive to human feeling,[url=http://www.masterclass-detailing.co.uk/category/cheap-polo-shirts/]Cheap Polo Shirts[/url], held no remorse, never said sorry for their mistakes, and driven by the compulsion to distinguish oneself and fired by the spirit of adventure and loyalty to the King and homeland. He was illusive in movement, subtle in speech and yet was brutal in action. He had a way to intimidate, humiliate and subdue another human being physically and morally. For him 'there was a job to be done'.
Postlethwaite, armed with the power of God, power of life or death over the Acoli, then imported Baganda/Banyoro agents to help him run Chua District on the excuse that the Acoli chiefs were insignificant, without influence over their people etc. It all went disastrously wrong in Acoliland. Many of the agents could not operate or were killed.
He then determined to use the native policy he had learnt while an ADC in Mbale and Kumi. The native policy was developed by a Muganda General Kakungulu ( who captured the fleeing Kabalega and Mwanga in 1894). The policy was used to pacify Busoga and the east so that he could curve for himself a kingdom. In reality the human factor prevailed, progress was rapid, justice probably improved, roads were made, production was started, camps and council halls were built, but (then) the agent (ajente) became the chief's master and not his advisor, a chief in fact, while the actual native chief became even more of a nonentity. He realized too late that he had been undermined and alienated from his people and he had lost power irretrievably. Most of these agents were ex interpreters, office boys, DC's cooks, and penniless adventurers who had become wealthy individuals in money and livestock and have now turned bribers and flatterers.
Postlethwaite was now transferred to Gulu District as a fully fledged DC, 1913. He immediately saw an opportunity and the advantage of gathering future chiefs together in their youth (in the newly founded Mission schools) for education, indoctrination, and training. He made it compulsory for at least one son of each chief to attend Gulu High School (1913). The servants of the chiefly heirs; many of them non royal persons also attended and persons or their sons who had access to the DC also attended. Many we\Ant on from an informal education to more formal training for positions as clerks and teachers, some to even more responsible posts. At his request, The Rev. Lees of CMS/GHS and Father Antonio Vignato of RCM handpicked several young men (mature students) for their ability, diligence and loyalty traits, to be trained as 'clerks' in the DC's schema of things.
The following were the first batch of Clerks who passed out in 1914 and were posted to the palaces of the Rwodi Acoli.
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The Agony and Joy of Growing Cotton in Acoliland.
Colonialism was not a mission of charity or Judeo Christian benevolence. On the contrary, it was,[url=http://www.article-web.co.uk/category/hermes-online-sale/]Hermes Online sale[/url], as slavery was, a brutal economic invention as to how to invest Europe's excess capital that had accrued from its Industrial Revolution. Cotton and sugar became in high demand and became the mother of slavery. The Europeans perceived that the work of producing cotton and sugar was so difficult that only black Africans were perceived as strong and enduring enough to do. Africans were, therefore, hunted, captured and transported to the Americas to work the fields. When open slavery was shunned upon, it was now subsequently decided to colonize us in our own homeland.
Colonial empires therefore emerged after the so called abolition of slavery, to continue slavery in a different name and form. For this purpose there was the 'Scramble for Africa' in 1882 when Africa was sliced up in territories (possessions) and divided among the European power states. Egypt,[url=http://www.article-web.co.uk/category/hermes-belts/]Hermes Belts[/url], also as a local power base, had in 1882, extended its over rule and trade up the Nile and over the Sudd swamps to Gondokoro (Juba).
The colonial empires' missions were to conquer and annex territories, pacify,[url=http://www.masterclass-detailing.co.uk/category/ralph-lauren-polo-outlet/]Ralph Lauren Polo Outlet[/url], consolidate and subdue the people, keep the peace and make the province (protectorate) pay for itself as their capital earned for them the huge profits.
Colonization did not except Acoliland and its historic neighbours, the Kingdom of Bunyoro Kitara and what now has constituted Northern Uganda. This area,[url=http://www.article-web.co.uk/category/hermes-wallet/]Hermes Wallet[/url], referred to as upper Nile Basin was formally colonized from the north by Egypt and Britain in 1872. A Samuel White Baker was hired and dispatched by the Khedive of Egypt ahead of a huge armed expedition of some 2,750 Black Sudanese Nubian soldiers commanded by Egyptian officers on this mission. The mission was; to subdue countries south of Juba, establish a chain of military posts to suppress slave trade and introduce a regular system of commerce, open to steam navigation the great lakes of Central Africa and establish a permanent government. Baker arrived in Patiko for a second time in March 1872, to find that the Kutoria (armed Arab/Turkish traders and slave hunters) had devastated Acoli villages of their populations, looted livestock and had driven many Acoli to destitution and fear. Many clans had relocated away from the slaving centre at Ajulu/Patiko and Pabbo. Baker proceeded to Masindi in April 1872 and proclaimed the countries north of an imaginary line he drew 30 miles south of the river Kafue, as the area of Anglo Egyptian interest and influence and annexed it to the Equatoria Province of the Anglo Egyptian Sudan. In June 1872, however, Omukama Kabalega could no longer take the affront of foreigners occupying his kingdom. He attacked and defeated Baker and chased him out of the kingdom. Baker retreated to his Patiko Fort of Ajulu in Acoliland. Baker returned to Cairo in March 1873 leaving some of the Nubian soldiers of the Jadhiya under the command of one Abdalla Effendi in charge of the Fort. Gordon Pasha visited this camp in 1878, and Emin Pasha in 1886 as he was running away from the onslaught of the Mahdist Revolution, which checked and expelled Anglo Egyptian advance and chased them out of the Sudan1881. Remnants of the Kutoria and the Jadhiya (Nubians) were defeated by the Acoli and chased out to the west of Lake Albert in the Congo. The Acoli were free again and were largely left to their devices for at least ten years until 1898 when the British re entered Acoliland from the south
Then the British Colonial power's Capt. In 1894 the British Major Conville assisted by the Buganda Mbwa attacked and defeated, overran and occupied Bunyoro, sending Omukama Kabalega in exile in Acoliland. The British re entered Acoliland (properly) from the west 1894 ( Wadlei and Nimule) and south 1898 (Atura) on the Nile. The British Colonial Empire had arrived to conquer,[url=http://www.article-web.co.uk/category/hermes-handbags/]Hermes Handbags[/url], annex territory (a protectorate), pacify it, and create a colonial administration that must pay for itself and yet meet the empire's goal.
The colonial administration integrated the different political traditions and created an administration and a new polity, which was strictly hierarchical and the power structure was totally alien to the Acoli. Power was simply centralized and concentrated in a combination of British officers, Nubian 'askaris' and alienated cooperative natives that set on the subjected peoples of Acoli. The Acoli cracked. The Acoli had to give away their freedom, some of their traditions, cultures and ways of governance, and social and work ethics.
The institution of Acoli Rwotship was thoroughly undermined by the British colonialism. Colonialism struck at the very heart of the Acoli UN type of political arrangement, where the clans, small or big, were equal before Acoli laws and systems,[url=http://www.masterclass-detailing.co.uk/category/ralph-lauren-polo/]Ralph Lauren Polo[/url], who had maintained unity and working relationships through horizontal (not vertical hierarchy) linkages between themselves. Acoli type of participatory democracy based on open public consultation, consensus and the rule of the Council of Elders, was dashed. Postlethwaite (later to be known to many Acoli as Bwana Gweno,[url=http://www.article-web.co.uk/category/hermes-birkin-bag/]Hermes Birkin Bag[/url], for his insatiable appetite for chicken and eggs) joined the Colonial Service so as to fulfill his boyhood dreams, imagination, and taste of adventure. He was stout and rather ridiculous figure with pinkish skin and bullish face and dropped out of school early. He landed in Entebbe in Uganda on one rainy August 1909 as a treasury assistant. He soon transferred to administration so that he could go out of Entebbe up country to pursue adventures. In August 1912,[url=http://www.article-web.co.uk/category/discount-hermes-bags/]Discount Hermes Bags[/url], at 27 years of age,[url=http://www.masterclass-detailing.co.uk/category/polo-outlet/]Polo Outlet[/url], Postlethwaite crossed the Aswa (Aca) and arrived in Chua (Cuwa) at the head of some 100 ragtag armies of Nubian mercenaries who had just returned to Gulu from massacring innocent Lamogi women and children at Guruguru hills. He was the complete epitome of the 'colonial men'; arrogant, forward and self righteous, hard and insensitive to human feeling,[url=http://www.masterclass-detailing.co.uk/category/cheap-polo-shirts/]Cheap Polo Shirts[/url], held no remorse, never said sorry for their mistakes, and driven by the compulsion to distinguish oneself and fired by the spirit of adventure and loyalty to the King and homeland. He was illusive in movement, subtle in speech and yet was brutal in action. He had a way to intimidate, humiliate and subdue another human being physically and morally. For him 'there was a job to be done'.
Postlethwaite, armed with the power of God, power of life or death over the Acoli, then imported Baganda/Banyoro agents to help him run Chua District on the excuse that the Acoli chiefs were insignificant, without influence over their people etc. It all went disastrously wrong in Acoliland. Many of the agents could not operate or were killed.
He then determined to use the native policy he had learnt while an ADC in Mbale and Kumi. The native policy was developed by a Muganda General Kakungulu ( who captured the fleeing Kabalega and Mwanga in 1894). The policy was used to pacify Busoga and the east so that he could curve for himself a kingdom. In reality the human factor prevailed, progress was rapid, justice probably improved, roads were made, production was started, camps and council halls were built, but (then) the agent (ajente) became the chief's master and not his advisor, a chief in fact, while the actual native chief became even more of a nonentity. He realized too late that he had been undermined and alienated from his people and he had lost power irretrievably. Most of these agents were ex interpreters, office boys, DC's cooks, and penniless adventurers who had become wealthy individuals in money and livestock and have now turned bribers and flatterers.
Postlethwaite was now transferred to Gulu District as a fully fledged DC, 1913. He immediately saw an opportunity and the advantage of gathering future chiefs together in their youth (in the newly founded Mission schools) for education, indoctrination, and training. He made it compulsory for at least one son of each chief to attend Gulu High School (1913). The servants of the chiefly heirs; many of them non royal persons also attended and persons or their sons who had access to the DC also attended. Many we\Ant on from an informal education to more formal training for positions as clerks and teachers, some to even more responsible posts. At his request, The Rev. Lees of CMS/GHS and Father Antonio Vignato of RCM handpicked several young men (mature students) for their ability, diligence and loyalty traits, to be trained as 'clerks' in the DC's schema of things.
The following were the first batch of Clerks who passed out in 1914 and were posted to the palaces of the Rwodi Acoli.
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